SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF WARRI, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

John E. Agori, Herbert U. Nwoke, Boniface C. Okoro, Benedicta U. Dike

Abstract


The study aims to assess the spatio-temporal variations of groundwaters quality parameters in Warri. Groundwater quality has deteriorated as a result of natural factors (flooding and seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer) and anthropogenic activities resulting from industries and poor management of solid wastes and waste water. To meet the water needs, assessment of the current groundwater quality was needed. To achieve this objective, 50 groundwater samples were collected during dry and wet seasons and analysed for 26 physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, total hardness (TH), total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total coliform bacteria, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphate (SO4), nitrate (NO3), chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3), ammonium (NH4), phosphate (PO4), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb).  Using internationally accepted standard methods of testing water and compared to WHO permissible standards for safe drinking water. The water quality index (WQI) was also evaluated. The results showed that most of the groundwater parameters were not within the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization in both seasons and had higher concentrations during the rainy season. The geochemical data were interpreted using WQI for drinking water. The spatial distribution maps of Water Quality Index showed that the highest quality was found, during both seasons, in the south and the south eastern part of the study area, corresponding to the recharge zone, whereas the poor and very poor water quality was found in the outflow part of the aquifer in Warri metropolis.

KEYWORDS: spatial, temporal, water quality. Water quality index,groundwater.


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